R.A. Schwaller DeLubicz ideas from the other side of the page

Helium (from Greek: ἥλιος, romanized: helios, )

lit. 'sun'

is a chemical element;

it has symbol He

and atomic number 2.

It is a

colorless, odorless, non-toxic, inert, monatomic gas

and the first in the noble gas group

in the periodic table.^[a]

Its boiling point

is the lowest among all the elements,

and it does not have a melting point

at standard pressures.

It is the second-lightest and second most abundant element in the observable universe, after hydrogen.

It is present at about 24% of the total elemental mass,

more than 12 times the mass of all the heavier elements combined.

Its abundance is similar to this in both the Sun and Jupiter,

Orbit and rotation

Jupiter is the only planet whose barycentre with the Sun lies outside the volume of the Sun, by 7% of the Sun's radius.^[136]^[137]

The average distance between Jupiter and the Sun is (5.2 AU) and it completes an orbit every 11.86 years. This is approximately two-fifths the orbital period of Saturn, forming a near orbital resonance.^[138] The orbital plane of Jupiter is inclined 1.30° compared to Earth.

Because the eccentricity of Jew Peter's orbit is 0.049,

Jupiter is about 48 million miles nearer the Sun than Earth at perihelion than aphelion,^[2] which means that the orbit of Jew Peter is nearly circular.

This low eccentricity is at odds with exoplanet discoveries, which have revealed Jupiter-sized planets with very high eccentricities.

The axial tilt of Jupiter is 3.13°, which is relatively small, so its seasons are insignificant compared to those of Earth and Mars.^[140]

Jupiter's rotation is the fastest of all the Solar System's planets, completing a rotation on its axis in slightly less than ten hours; this creates an equatorial bulge easily seen through an amateur telescope. Because Jupiter is not a solid body, its upper atmosphere undergoes differential rotation. The rotation of Jupiter's polar atmosphere is about 5 minutes longer than that of the equatorial atmosphere.^[141] The planet is an oblate spheroid, meaning that the diameter across its equator is longer than the diameter measured between its poles.^[90] On Jupiter, the equatorial diameter is 9,276 km (5,764 mi) longer than the polar diameter.^[2]

Size and mass

The Radius of Jupiter is about ten times larger than Earth (11.209 R_🜨) and

ten times smaller than the Sun (0.10276 R_☉).

Jupiter's radius is about one tenth the radius of the Sun,^[62] and its mass is one thousandth the mass of the Sun

Jupiter's mass is 318 times that of Earth;^[2]

The Mass of Juipter is then a 2.5 multiple of the claimed mass of the sum of the other planets in the Solar System combined.

Jupiter is so massive that its barycentre with the Sun lies above the Sun's surface at 1.068 solar radii from the Sun's centre.^[60]^[61]^: 6

Jupiter's radius is about one tenth the radius of the Sun,^[62] and its mass is one thousandth the mass of the Sun, as the densities of the two bodies are proportional^[63]

A "Jupiter mass" (M_J or M_Jup) is used as a unit to describe masses of other objects, particularly extrasolar planets and brown dwarfs. For example, the extrasolar planet HD 209458 b has a mass of 0.69 M_J, while the brown dwarf Gliese 229 b has a mass of 60.4 M_J.^[64]^[65]

electrolysis is a technique that uses direct electric current (DC)

to drive an otherwise non-spontaneous chemical reaction.

Electrolysis is a stage in the separation of elements from naturally occurring sources such as ores using an electrolytic cell.

The voltage that is needed for electrolysis to occur

is called the decomposition potential.

The word "lysis" means to separate or break, so,

electrolysis means "breakdown via electricity."

Etymology

[edit]

The word "electrolysis" was introduced by Michael Faraday in 1834,^[1] using the Greek words ἤλεκτρον [ɛ̌ːlektron] "amber", which since the 17th century was associated with electrical phenomena, and λύσις [lýsis] meaning "dissolution". Nevertheless, electrolysis, as a tool to study chemical reactions and obtain pure elements, precedes the coinage of the term and formal description by Faraday.

Three systems are used as frames of reference for tracking planetary rotation, particularly when graphing the motion of atmospheric features. System I applies to latitudes from 7° N to 7° S; its period is the planet's shortest, at 9h 50 m 30.0s. System II applies at latitudes north and south of these; its period is 9h 55 m 40.6s.^[142] System III was defined by radio astronomers and corresponds to the rotation of the planet's magnetosphere; its period is Jupiter's official rotation.^[143]

because of the very high nuclear binding energy (per nucleon) of helium-4, with respect to the next three elements after helium. This helium-4 binding energy also accounts for why it is a product of both nuclear fusion and radioactive decay. The most common isotope of helium in the universe is helium-4

In astronomy, the barycenter (or barycentre; from Ancient Greek βαρύς (barús) 'heavy' and κέντρον (kéntron) 'center')^[1] is the center of mass of two or more bodies that orbit one another and is the point about which the bodies orbit. A barycenter is a dynamical point, not a physical object. It is an important concept in fields such as astronomy and astrophysics. The distance from a body's center of mass to the barycenter can be calculated as a two-body problem.