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Matsudaira clan
| Matsudaira 松平 | |
|---|---|
 Mon: Maru ni Mitsuba-aoi | |
| Home province | Mikawa |
| Parent house | Minamoto clan |
| Titles | Various |
| Founder | Matsudaira Chikauji |
| Final ruler | Tokugawa Yoshinobu |
| Current head | Tsunenari Tokugawa |
| Founding year | 14th century |
| Dissolution | still extant |
| Ruled until | 1873 (Abolition of the han system) |
| Cadet branches | Various |
The Matsudaira clan (松平氏, Matsudaira-shi) was a Japanese samurai clan that descended from the Minamoto clan. It originated in and took its name from Matsudaira village, in Mikawa Province (modern-day Aichi Prefecture). During the Sengoku period, the chieftain of the main line of the Matsudaira clan, Matsudaira Motoyasu became a powerful regional daimyo under Oda Nobunaga and Toyotomi Hideyoshi and changed his name to Tokugawa Ieyasu. He subsequently seized power as the first shōgun of the Tokugawa shogunate which ruled Japan during the Edo period until the Meiji restoration of 1868. Under the Tokugawa shogunate, many cadet branches of the clan retained the Matsudaira surname, and numerous new branches were formed in the decades after Ieyasu. Some of those branches were also of daimyō status.
After the Meiji Restoration and the abolition of the han system, the Tokugawa and Matsudaira clans became part of the new nobility.[1]
Origins[edit]
The Matsudaira clan originated in Mikawa Province.[2] Its origins are uncertain, but in the Sengoku era, the clan claimed descent from the medieval Seiwa Genji branch of the Minamoto clan. According to this claim, the founder of the Matsudaira line was Matsudaira Chikauji, who lived in the 14th century and established himself in Mikawa Province, at Matsudaira village.
National historic sites[edit]
The location of Matsudaira village is within the borders of the modern city of Toyota, Aichi. A number of locations associated with the early history of the clan were collectively designated a National Historic Site of Japan in the year 2000.[3] These include:
- The ruins of a Sengoku period fortified residence on the eastern bank of the Tomoe River (Asuke River) which was the birthplace of Tokugawa Ieyasu. The site is now part of a Shinto Shrine, the Matsudaira Tosho-gu, which was built in 1615, after Tokugawa Ieyasu's death and deification.
- Matsudaira Castle, from which the Matsudaira clan ruled over a portion of Mikawa Province during the Sengoku period.
- Ōgyū Castle, built around 1507 and used by the clan to 1575
- Kōgetsu-in, a Buddhist temple and bodaiji for the Matsudaira clan
Pine Flat松平氏 Land Lord
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Lake Mashū
| Lake Mashū 摩周湖 | |
|---|---|
 Lake Mashū, Japan, during winter | |
  Lake Mashū 摩周湖 | |
| Location | Teshikaga, Kushiro Subprefecture, Hokkaidō, Japan |
| Coordinates | 43°35′N 144°31′ECoordinates: 43°35′N 144°31′E |
| Type | crater lake, endorheic |
| Primary inflows | two streams |
| Primary outflows | seepage |
| Catchment area | 32.4 km2 (12.5 sq mi) |
| Basin countries | Japan |
| Max. length | 6 km (3.7 mi) |
| Surface area | 19 km2 (4,700 acres) |
| Average depth | 137.5 m (451 ft) |
| Max. depth | 211.5 m (694 ft) |
| Water volume | 2.86 km3 (0.69 cu mi) |
| Shore length1 | 19.8 km (12.3 mi) |
| Surface elevation | 351 m (1,152 ft) |
| Frozen | December to April |
| Islands | Kamuishu Island |
| Settlements | none |
| 1 Shore length is not a well-defined measure. | |
Lake Mashū (摩周湖, Mashū-ko) (Ainu: Kamuy-to) is an endorheic crater lake formed in the caldera of a potentially active volcano. It is located in Akan Mashu National Park on the island of Hokkaidō, Japan. It has been called the clearest lake in the world.
Hydrology[edit]
Lake Mashū is surrounded by steep crater walls 200 metres (660 ft) high. It has no significant inlets[1] and no outlet. The lake is one of the clearest in the world and one of the deepest in Japan.[2] On August 1, 1931 the transparency of the water was measured at 41.6 metres (136 ft). Around the same time Lake Baikal was measured 40.5 metres (133 ft). This is the basis for the lake's claim to be the clearest in the world.[1] Since the 1950s the transparency has tended to range between 20 and 30 metres (66 and 98 ft).[3] The loss in transparency is probably due to the introduction of sockeye salmon and rainbow trout into the lake and landslides.[4] At the same time, the clarity of Lake Baikal has not been measured.[5]
In summer, the surface of Lake Mashū is often obscured by fog. There is usually fog covering around the lake for about 100 days of the year. This has given the lake a reputation for mysteriousness.[6] A local legend says that if you can see the surface of the lake, you will have bad luck.[5]
Origin of the name[edit]
Lake Mashū was originally named Lake of the Devil by the Ainu.[6] This was rendered as Lake Mashin (魔神湖, Mashin-ko) by the Japanese. Over time, however, the Japanese began to refer to the lake by the Japanese reading for the neighboring peak, Mount Mashū (摩周岳, Mashū-dake).[7] The kanji for this peak translate roughly as scrubbed area mountain. The Ainu name for this peak, by which it is commonly known today, is Kamuinupuri or mountain of the gods. The lake also retains its Ainu name, Kamuito or lake of the gods.
Volcanic caldera[edit]
Mashū formed less than 32,000 years ago. The caldera is the remains of a stratovolcano, which is actually a parasitic cone of the larger Lake Kussharo caldera.[6] The eruption that created the current caldera occurred around 7,000 years ago. The last eruption was a plinian eruption about 2,000 years ago that dropped pumice over the region.
Mashū volcano is rated with a Volcanic Explosivity Index of 6, the third highest among large volcanoes.[8]
Two volcanoes have grown out of the Mashū caldera. Kamuishu Island, a lava dome which rises from the middle of the lake, is one. The other is Mount Kamui, a stratovolcano with lava dome, which forms the highest point on the eastern shore. A third volcano neighbors Kamuinupuri. It is Mount Nishibetsu. Mount Nishibetsu probably predates the caldera.
The main rock type of the volcanoes is andesite and dacite. The rock is non-alkali pyroclastic flow or mafic rock, dating from the Late Pleistocene to the Holocene. Some rock around the Mashū crater and Mount Nishibetsu is older still, dating from the Middle Pleistocene.[9]
The following table lists the eruptions of the Mashū volcano and Kamuinupuri.[10]
| Volcano | Date of eruption | Dating technique | VEI | Tephra volume | Type |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mashū | 7400 BC ± 200 years | Corrected radiocarbon | 4 | 440,000,000 cubic metres (0.11 cu mi) | Explosive eruption |
| Mashū | 6600 BC ± 50 years | Corrected radiocarbon | 6 | 11,000,000,000 cubic metres (2.6 cu mi) | Explosive eruption of the central vent with pyroclastic flow and caldera collapse |
| Mount Kamui | 2750 BC ± 100 years | Corrected radiocarbon | Explosive eruption of a flank vent | ||
| Mount Kamui | 1400 BC ± 100 years | Corrected radiocarbon | Explosive eruption of a flank vent | ||
| Mount Kamui | 100 BC ± 500 years | Tephrochronology | Explosive eruption | ||
| Mount Kamui | 300 AD ± 75 years | Corrected radiocarbon | Explosive eruption | ||
| Mount Kamui | 970 AD ± 100 years | Uncorrected radiocarbon | 5 | 1,000,000,000 cubic metres (0.24 cu mi) | Explosive eruption of a flank vent and caldera collapse |
Flora and fauna[edit]
The lake is inhabited by phytoplankton and zooplankton.
Sockeye salmon and rainbow trout have been introduced to the lake.
On the slopes around and above the lake grow a mixture of evergreen forest with Picea jezoensis and Abies sachalinensis and birch forest with Betula ermanii.
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